Why doesn't PyRun_String evaluate bool literals?

PyObject* PyRun_String(const char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals);

If you want True and False they will have to be in the *globals dict passed to the interpreter. You might be able to fix that by calling PyEval_GetBuiltins.

From the Python 2.6 source code:

if (PyDict_GetItemString(globals, "__builtins__") == NULL) {
    if (PyDict_SetItemString(globals, "__builtins__",
                 PyEval_GetBuiltins()) != 0)
        return NULL;
}

If that doesn't work, you could try to PyRun_String("import __builtin__ as __builtins__", globals, locals) before calling PyRun_String("True", ...).

You might notice the Python interactive interpreter always runs code in the __main__ module which we haven't bothered to create here. I don't know whether you need to have a __main__ module, except that there are a lot of scripts that contain if __name__ == "__main__".