Error in astype float32 vs float64 for integer

A 32-bit float can exactly represent about 7 decimal digits of mantissa. Your number requires more, and therefore cannot be represented exactly.

The mechanics of what happens are as follows:

A 32-bit float has a 24-bit mantissa. Your number requires 27 bits to be represented exactly, so the last three bits are getting truncated (set to zero). The three lowest bits of your number are 011₂; these are getting set to 000₂. Observe that 011₂ is 3₁₀.

A float32 only has 24 bits of significand precision, which is roughly seven digits (log10(2**24) = 7.22). You're expecting it to store an 8-digit number exactly, which in general is impossible.