Ubuntu 12.10+ and Fedora 13+ have a package called python3-pip which will install pip-3.2 (or pip-3.3, pip-3.4 or pip3 for newer versions) without needing this jumping through hoops.

I came across this and fixed this without needing the likes of wget or virtualenvs (assuming Ubuntu 12.04):

1. Install package python3-setuptools: run sudo aptitude install python3-setuptools, this will give you the command easy_install3.
2. Install pip using Python 3's setuptools: run sudo easy_install3 pip, this will give you the command pip-3.2 like kev's solution.
3. Install your PyPI packages: run sudo pip-3.2 install <package> (installing python packages into your base system requires root, of course).
4. …
5. Profit!

You may want to build a virtualenv of python3, then install packages of python3 after activating the virtualenv. So your system won't be messed up :)

This could be something like:

virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3 py3env
source py3env/bin/activate
pip install package-name

Short Answer

sudo apt-get install python3-pip
sudo pip3 install MODULE_NAME

Source: Shashank Bharadwaj's comment

Long Answer

The short answer applies only on newer systems. On some versions of Ubuntu the command is pip-3.2:

sudo pip-3.2 install MODULE_NAME

If it doesn't work, this method should work for any Linux distro and supported version:

sudo apt-get install curl
curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | sudo python3
sudo pip3 install MODULE_NAME

If you don't have curl, use wget. If you don't have sudo, switch to root. If pip3 symlink does not exists, check for something like pip-3.X

Much python packages require also the dev package, so install it too:

sudo apt-get install python3-dev

Sources:
python installing packages with pip
Pip latest install

Check also Tobu's answer if you want an even more upgraded version of Python.

I want to add that using a virtual environment is usually the preferred way to develop a python application, so @felixyan answer is probably the best in an ideal world. But if you really want to install that package globally, or if need to test / use it frequently without activating a virtual environment, I suppose installing it as a global package is the way to go.

The easiest way to install latest pip2/pip3 and corresponding packages:

curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/2.7/get-pip.py | python2
pip2 install package-name    

curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3
pip3 install package-name

^{Note: please run these commands as root}